The term “asbestos” comes from a Greek word that means “unquenchable” or “indestructible.” The term can be used to refer to a group of mineral fibers that share properties of chemical and thermal resistance. It is also flexible and has a high tensile strength. Because of its many useful properties, asbestos has been referred to as the “magic mineral.” It has been incorporated into over 3,000 different products used in industry or households.

Even though asbestos has been used in a variety of products during the Industrial Revolution (and continues to be used in many products today!), modern industry was not the first to use this hazardous mineral. Asbestos use can be traced back to around 2500 B.C., when it was used in the manufacture of Finnish pottery. One of the earliest accounts of asbestos use, during the fourth to fifth centuries B.C, was for the wick of a gold lamp crafted for the goddess Athena. During this same time period, cloth made of asbestos was used as a funerary cloth to retain the ashes of the dead during cremation. According to Pliny, asbestos was also used in a similar fashion in the funeral dress of kings during this time. In a dramatic show, Emperor Charlemagne is said to have displayed a tablecloth made from asbestos that was used during great feasts. After the feast, the cloth and its contents would be thrown into a fire, and the cloth would then be removed unharmed to the amazement of his guests! In the year 1250, Marco Polo made reference to a cloth in the northern provinces of the Great Khan. It had the property of being unconsumed and purified in fire.

Around 1720, industrial uses of asbestos began on a limited scale shortly after the discovery of relatively large deposits of asbestos in the Ural Mountains in western Russia. The discovery of these deposits led to the establishment of factories making asbestos products. The products included handbags, gloves, socks, and textiles. In the following years, discoveries of different types of asbestos were made on several continents, setting the stage for many uses of asbestos.

In 1860, chrysotile asbestos was discovered in Quebec, Canada. Mining of these chrysotile deposits started in 1878, with fifty tons being produced during this mine’s first year of operation. In 1815, crocidilite asbestos was discovered in South Africa. Mining of larger amounts of South African fibers began around 1910. Another type of asbestos called amosite was discovered in central Transvaal in 1907, and the mining operations began in approximately 1916. The beginning of mining operations, along with the Industrial Revolution, set the stage for the use of asbestos and the public health crises that resulted.

Source: Pathology of Asbestos-Related Diseases (Victor L. Roggli et al. eds., 2004)

 

Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Asbestos

The use of asbestos has exposed thousands of unsuspecting workers as well as their families to this toxic mineral. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has stated that it is aware of no instance in which exposure to a toxic substance has more clearly demonstrated deleterious health effects on humans than has asbestos exposure. From the years 1940 to 1970, approximately 27.5 million individuals had potential work-related asbestos exposure. The number is not surprising when one considers that by one estimate, 1.2 billion square feet of asbestos-containing insulation is housed in 190,000 buildings in the United States. It has been estimated that the number of workers exposed as a consequence of asbestos brake and clutch work is approximately 900,000.

Workers may be exposed to asbestos in a wide range of job sites and trades, ranging from milling and mining to manufacturing and consumer industries. According to one estimate from the Asbestos Information Association, there are over 3,000 discrete uses of asbestos. These uses have resulted in exposures through the mining and milling process, in primary and secondary manufacturing of asbestos-containing products, in shipbuilding and repair, and in construction.

Hazardous exposures to asbestos have also occurred as a result of off-site releases from the mining, milling and manufacture of asbestos products. Residents in nearby communities may have been exposed as a result. It has been estimated that the off-site release from construction sites has resulted in environmental asbestos levels 100 times over natural environmental levels.

Additionally, contamination of homes might occur when employees bring home asbestos-contaminated clothing from the workplace. This may expose innocent members of the worker’s family. Some people believe that a main current source of ongoing non-occupational exposure is the release of fibers from existing asbestos-containing surface materials that may be found in schools, residences and public buildings.

Sources: Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, 51 Fed. Reg. 22,615 (June 20, 1986); William J. Nicholson, Occupational Exposure to Asbestos: Population at Risk and Projected Mortality – 1980-2030, 3 AM. J. IND. MED. 259, 306 (1982); Pathology of Asbestos-Related Diseases (Victor L. Roggli et al. eds., 2004).